Why Depression May Look Different in Children

When we think of depression, we may think of individuals who struggle with sadness, exhaustion, and hopelessness. However, depression in children may look different than we expect, and it can often go overlooked. As adults in children’s lives, it’s important to be able to recognize possible signs of depression in children so that early intervention may be implemented.

The Unique Development of Children

One of the main reasons depression looks different in children is due to their developmental stage. Unlike adults, children are still developing emotionally, cognitively, and socially. They do not yet have the vocabulary or the skills to express their emotions directly. Instead, their depression may present through behavioral changes, physical complaints, or academic struggles.

A child may act out, have frequent tantrums, or become excessively clingy to their caregivers.
Older children or preteens may isolate themselves from friends, show a sudden disinterest in activities, or develop an intense fear of not being “good enough.”
These behaviors may often be excused as “bad behaviors” or “laziness.”
Most of the time, these behaviors a as sign of underlying emotional distress.

Emotional Expression

Children’s ability to articulate their emotions is at a limit. While an adult is able to identity their feelings of worthlessness, a child may say something along the lines of, “Nobody likes me,” or they may even start to withdraw from socializing altogether. Because they may not have the language to describe what they’re feeling, their emotions often come out in nonverbal ways.

It is also important to note that cultural and family dynamics play a role in how children learn to express their emotions. In some households, expressing sadness may be discouraged. As a result, children will learn to suppress their emotions and begin to express depression through irritability, anger, or through physical pain such as headaches or stomachaches.

Behavioral Signs

In children, depression may look like:

Irritability and Anger: Rather than appearing sad, children with depression may be unusually irritable, short-tempered, or prone to angry outbursts. This is especially true with younger children who may not be able to fully understand or identify feelings of sadness.
Changes in Sleep Patterns: While adults may experience insomnia or oversleeping, children may have trouble falling asleep at night, waking up frequently throughout the night, have nightmares, or even start bed-wetting.
Loss of Interest in Activities: A child who previously loved sports, art, or just playing with friends may suddenly lose interest in doing these things. They may become withdrawn or disengaged from hobbies that once brought them joy.
Academic Issues: Depression in children can lead to a lack of focus, low energy, and poor performance in school. Teachers might notice that the child is daydreaming excessively, not completing assignments, or struggling to keep up with their peers.
Physical Complaints: Children often experience emotional pain through physical symptoms. Chronic headaches, stomachaches, or unexplained aches and pains could indicate something more emotionally severe, especially if no medical cause is found.

Misdiagnosis

Because childhood depression looks different from adult depression, it is frequently misdiagnosed. Behavioral issues, for example, may be written off as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Additionally, the stigma around mental health, or lack of knowledge surrounding mental health, may make it difficult for parents to acknowledge the possibility of depression.

How to Support a Child with Depression

Communicate openly and honestly with them about their feelings. Create a safe space for them to identify and express how they’re feeling.
Try to maintain a consistent routine and encourage them to still engage in daily responsibilities, such as brushing teeth or bathing. It may be helpful to do these activities with them.
Model healthy coping skills by showing them how to effectively handle stress or frustration.
Seek professional help. Don’t hesitate to consult with a child therapist if you notice these signs. Early diagnosis and treatment can make a significant difference!